TY - JOUR

T1 - Enhanced hexamerization of insulin via assembly pathway rerouting revealed by single particle studies

AU - Bohr, Freja

AU - Bohr, Søren S.R.

AU - Mishra, Narendra Kumar

AU - González-Foutel, Nicolás Sebastian

AU - Pinholt, Henrik Dahl

AU - Wu, Shunliang

AU - Nielsen, Emilie Milan

AU - Zhang, Min

AU - Kjaergaard, Magnus

AU - Jensen, Knud J.

AU - Hatzakis, Nikos S.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - Insulin formulations with diverse oligomerization states are the hallmark of interventions for the treatment of diabetes. Here using single-molecule recordings we firstly reveal that insulin oligomerization can operate via monomeric additions and secondly quantify the existence, abundance and kinetic characterization of diverse insulin assembly and disassembly pathways involving addition of monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric insulin species. We propose and experimentally validate a model where the insulin self-assembly pathway is rerouted, favoring monomeric or oligomeric assembly, by solution concentration, additives and formulations. Combining our practically complete kinetic characterization with rate simulations, we calculate the abundance of each oligomeric species from nM to mM offering mechanistic insights and the relative abundance of all oligomeric forms at concentrations relevant both for secreted and administrated insulin. These reveal a high abundance of all oligomers and a significant fraction of hexamer resulting in practically halved bioavailable monomer concentration. In addition to providing fundamental new insights, the results and toolbox presented here can be universally applied, contributing to the development of optimal insulin formulations and the deciphering of oligomerization mechanisms for additional proteins.

AB - Insulin formulations with diverse oligomerization states are the hallmark of interventions for the treatment of diabetes. Here using single-molecule recordings we firstly reveal that insulin oligomerization can operate via monomeric additions and secondly quantify the existence, abundance and kinetic characterization of diverse insulin assembly and disassembly pathways involving addition of monomeric, dimeric or tetrameric insulin species. We propose and experimentally validate a model where the insulin self-assembly pathway is rerouted, favoring monomeric or oligomeric assembly, by solution concentration, additives and formulations. Combining our practically complete kinetic characterization with rate simulations, we calculate the abundance of each oligomeric species from nM to mM offering mechanistic insights and the relative abundance of all oligomeric forms at concentrations relevant both for secreted and administrated insulin. These reveal a high abundance of all oligomers and a significant fraction of hexamer resulting in practically halved bioavailable monomer concentration. In addition to providing fundamental new insights, the results and toolbox presented here can be universally applied, contributing to the development of optimal insulin formulations and the deciphering of oligomerization mechanisms for additional proteins.

U2 - 10.1038/s42003-022-04386-6

DO - 10.1038/s42003-022-04386-6

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 36792809

AN - SCOPUS:85148114502

VL - 6

JO - Communications Biology

JF - Communications Biology

SN - 2399-3642

IS - 1

M1 - 178

ER -